2019 marks 50 years since Stanford University psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, first tested what is now known as the broken windows theory.
In 1969, Zimbardo conducted a field study in which two identical cars were abandoned in two very different neighbourhoods: one was left within a deprived, crime-ridden area of New York City, and the other in a fairly affluent neighbourhood in Palo Alto, California. Both cars were parked with their number plates removed and their bonnets open.
Within just 10 minutes, passers-by began vandalising the New York car, first stripping it for parts before smashing the windows and tearing out the upholstery. Meanwhile, the car in Palo Alto remained untouched for more than a week. It was only when Zimbardo returned and damaged the second car with a sledgehammer himself that people began giving it the same treatment as the one in New York.
The experiment demonstrated how visible signs of crime and anti-social behaviour in a neighbourhood, such as a broken window, seem to encourage further, more serious crime and disorder. Zimbardo thought this to be because these signs make the local community seem apathetic and the area generally uncared for.
The enduring relevance of the broken windows theory when it comes to urban security was recently highlighted by Najib Barissoule, COO at Armada Technology and Advisor to Gulf Security & Safety Organization, during his excellent key note presentation at a high profile seminar hosted by ATG Access for security professionals in one of the Gulf Cooperation Council states.
He argued that an ordered, well-maintained environment signals to people that an area is monitored, and that criminal behaviour is not tolerated. On the other hand, a disordered, neglected environment sends the signal that the area is not closely monitored, and criminal behaviour consequently has little risk of detection.
Mr Barissoule asserted that the theory therefore underlines the importance of carefully considered environmental design when it comes to managing crime levels in urban areas. Consequently, local authorities should try to find ways to ensure that areas under their control are not only visibly secure and well-maintained, but are also welcoming, functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces that residents can enjoy and be proud of.
Crime prevention through environmental design
Embodying this notion that clever design can create safer neighbourhoods, a set of design principles known as crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) have been gaining popularity with planners and security professionals around the world in recent years.
The four main principles of CPTED are:
• Natural Surveillance
• Natural Access Control
• Territorial Reinforcement
• Maintenance
When these principles are put into practice, the resulting environment should discourage or impede criminal behaviour, while at the same time encourage the rest of the community to keep a watchful eye.
Natural surveillance
Natural surveillance increases the perceived danger of attempting criminal activity by making potential offenders more visible to the general public. When aware that they could be being watched, potential offenders feel there is an increased risk of being caught, which acts as an effective deterrent.
Natural surveillance can be achieved by designing the placement of physical features, activities and people in such a way that maximises visibility of the space and its users.
Tactics can include designing streets and public spaces to increase pedestrian and bicycle traffic, ensuring potential problem areas, such as pathways, bus stops and ATMS, are well lit, and positioning windows in new buildings to directly overlook pavements and carparks.
Natural access control
Natural Access Control is another design concept directed primarily at decreasing crime opportunity by denying access to crime targets and creating a perception of risk for offenders.
People are physically guided through a space by the strategic design of streets, sidewalks, building entrances, landscaping and neighborhood gateways. Design elements are very useful tools to clearly indicate public routes and discourage access to private areas.
Territorial reinforcement
Territorial reinforcement is a design strategy that recognises that physical design can create or extend a sphere of influence over a property or space. When a space is clearly marked as public, semi-public, or private, it creates appropriate ownership of that space.
Owners have a vested interest and are more likely to challenge intruders or report them to the police. This means it’s important to try to create public spaces that residents feel they have some ownership of, and are therefore more likely to defend.
Maintenance
As the broken windows theory suggests, it is vitally important to keep urban environments well-maintained. Proper care and maintenance enables the continued use of a space for its intended purpose, while any deterioration indicates a greater tolerance of crime and disorder.
Designing public spaces
While a lot of planners and architects are now incorporating these CPTED strategies into the design of new buildings and residential developments, they can also be applied fairly easily to existing public spaces, without the need for them to be totally redesigned.
All of the CPTED design principles can be achieved through the creation of clearly designated, functional public spaces that are well-maintained and enjoyable to use. By ensuring that the design of these spaces fosters positive social interaction, local authorities can successfully decrease the likelihood of anti-social or criminal behavior.
Pedestrianising certain areas through the addition of fixed bollards and barriers creates spaces that are clearly intended for public use, helping to create a sense of ownership of the area among the local community. Pedestrianisation can be used to transform previously uncared for urban areas into bustling multi-functional spaces that are more likely to be consistently occupied throughout the day, and can be used to host a variety of community events, which helps to achieve natural surveillance.
Bollards and barriers can also be placed strategically to differentiate public and private spaces, for example around the entrances of office buildings or to create defined walkways, encouraging correct use of the environment through natural access control and territorial reinforcement.
Attractive street furniture items are another easy way for local authorities to encourage interactivity between visitors, residents and the streetscape. Benches and planters help to create aesthetically pleasing, practical spaces that can be used by residents and visitors alike. Adding plants and flowers signifies that particular care and attention has been put into an area, which also deters criminality.
As an additional security benefit, these simple bollards and street furniture items can have hostile vehicle mitigation technology embedded within them. This protects users of the spaces and nearby businesses from possible vehicle ramming attacks and contributes to the overarching sense of ownership and care of an area.
For local authorities looking to prevent crime through environmental design, carefully selected security measures such as these can simultaneously facilitate natural surveillance and natural access control, by encouraging people to use the spaces in positive ways, while also creating the impression that the environment is well maintained and looked after, which should help to successfully keep crime levels to a minimum.
Gavin Hepburn is director at ATG Access.
